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| Madrid's long history told briefly |
 The (almost) legendary Roman past (218 BC - 409 AD) For a long time, Madrid pretended to have had a mythical prestigious Roman origin. Bur the true is that the Romans only established some farms, a few country-houses and an inn in today's Madrid town soil. >> The Mosaic from the Roman villa of Carabanchel (currently a district of the capital), can be found at the Museo de San Isidro.  A small Muslim (then Christian) medieval town (850 AD - 1516 AD) The Emir (prince) of Córdoba Mohammed I (850-866 AD) chose Madrid to build a fortress defending Toledo from the Northern Christian kings. Two centuries later, the small Muslim fortress (Mayrit) was conquered by Christian King Alfonso VI of Castille in 1083 AD. << The cuffin of Saint Isidro (1250 AD) can be seen in the Cathedral.  The Emperor's favorite hunting place (1516 AD - 1556 AD) Charles V, Emperor of Germany and King of Spain had a secret preference for the tiny town of Madrid, because of its enormous possibilities of its forests as hunting place. He reforms the old Arab fortress and the Palace of El Pardo to spend as much time as possible in Madrid, while important civil servants bought or built houses in town. << The "KD Armour" (ca. 1520 AD) of Charles V, one of the many that can be found in the Royal Armoiry.  Madrid, Habsburg’s World Capital (1556– 1700 AD) Philip II looked for a permanent capital in the center of Spain, far from Spanish many enemies. He finally chose Madrid against Toledo, Segovia or Avila probably because the city didn’t have any Archbishop and because the city had proven loyal to the Emperor during the Communal War. << Pompeo Leoni’s statues of Philip II and his family in the Basílica de San Lorenzo de El Escorial  The fact is that the small town grew into a big capital where political leaders, civil servants and diplomats made their best for Spain to remain the World hegemonic power, while writers such as Cervantes and artists such as Velázquez came to Madrid to earn their life and gain recognition from their contemporaries. << Painting representing a festival ceremony c. 1630 in the Plaza Mayor the most significant monument of the Habsburg period in Madrid capital. The painting can be admired in Madrid’s Townhall.  Platform for the Bourbon’s reform (1700– 1808 AD)When the new dynasty, the Bourbons, was raised to the thone, Spain was no longer the hegemonic power in Europe. Nevertheless, they desperately tried to recover their former position through ambitious economic and administrative reforms. Accordingly, Madrid was transformed into a more efficient capital and embellished as instrument of Spain’s “new image”. << China vase manufactured at the Royal Buen Retiro Factory between 1788 and 1805. This vase is exhibited at the Royal Palace.  Madrid losing its Empire (1808– 1823 AD)In 1808, Madrid was occupied by Napoleon’s troops. That was the cruelest evidence of Spain’s extreme decadence: the city had never been invaded by a foreign Army before. Popular revolt started in Madrid. It was soon crashed, but it stimulated uprisings everywhere, ultimately regaining independence with the help of Wellington after a five years War against the French. One of the consequences of this long War was exhausted Spain being unable to prevent the Independence of Spanish America . << Goya’s version of Napoleon’s repression of popular uprising in Madrid during “The Thrid of May 1808”. This painting is exhibited at the Prado Museum.  A “Waltz and plots” decadent court (1823– 1931 AD)Ruined by the Napoleonic and American Wars, Spain was suddenly a poor country, economically backwards, without prestige or influence abroad. Madrid’s Royal Palace and Royal Theatre were the playground of the decadent court of Monarchs who had even lost grip of domestic policy. Meanwhile, the Senate, the Congress, the military barracks and the cafés in Madrid were the scenario of political life during Spanish long march towards democracy. << Sword c. 1830 AD at the Navy Museum and fan c. 1800 AD at the Palace of Aranjuez.  The Republic and the Spanish Civil War in Madrid (1931-39)In 1931, The Republic is proclaimed in Madrid, among massive demostrations of joy. Five years later, the hope of general welfare has turned sour, the government is unable to control right-wing and left-wing extremists and violence takes the front-page of all newspapers. A military coup backed by monarchists and fascists fails to bring down the Republic government in a few days: a 3-years-long Civil War starts. << Robert Capa’s famous photograph of a militia-man hit by a bullet at Cerro Muriano is exhibited at the Museo Reina Sofía. Madrid will be in the hands of the Republic to the very end of the War. Being just a few miles away from the front, it would suffer heavy bombing and extreme shortage, while fierce repression by leftists against their right-wing neighbors reproduces right-wing terror against left-wing supporters on the other side of the line.  Madrid under Franco (1939-1975)Repression (in the opposite direction) and shortage (because of international isolation) went on when Franco’s nationalist forces entered the capital. Since the mid 50’s, a certain political softening allowed foreign aid to come and a progressive economical development was soon translated in fast urban expansion of the capital. Social transformation took place inevitably in the streets with avid emulation of lifestyles seen abroad or brought home by a growing number of foreign tourists. << Stamp from the last series issued with the portrait of Franco in 1974, one among many that can be seen in the Post and Telegraph Museum.  Madrid free (1975-…)The end of Franco’s regime allowed democracy to spring in Spain, while Madrid burst in frenetic political, social and cultural activity. Madrid’s day-and-night vitality and hedonism astonishes visitors. Artistic creativity animated specially the channels of massive popular culture: photography, cinema and music, out of which new names, such as Pedro Almodóvar, won international recognition. << Poster of Oscar-awarded “Talk to ker”, by Pedro Almodóvar, part of the collection at the Filmoteca Española.  Winning the 2010 FIFA Footbal World Cup has been a motif of tremendous joy and optimism in future. Madrid's streets and fountains had never seen celebrations like those that cheered our heart on July 2010! << The FIFA World Cup. |
